Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12

Law - Essay Example Alain, while in the course of the act of helping Mrs Todd balance the shopping, owed a duty of care to the Plaintiff during the course of his employment. He approached the plaintiff to help her balance the shopping, and therefore was under the obligation of taking care while performing the act. However, he failed to take enough care and made the mistake of hanging the heavy shopping bags on the accelerator bar, which led to the scooter speeding off to disaster. Applying the test of remoteness to this case, we observe that Mrs. Todd was directly in the path of any act or omission of Alain. (1856) Alain did not act prudently and carefully while balancing the shopping bags. Any reasonable man would have known that hanging the bags on to the accelerator would amount to a disastrous accident, especially when Mrs Todd was still on the scooter. The case of first came out with the concept of duty of care. (1990, 1932) â€Å"There must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyers question: Who is my neighbour? You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.  Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question. A manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in th e preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay In a small town deep south in Alabama, two children reside in a house with their father Atticus. Maycomb was this town’s name, and within Maycomb lived the nastiest, most psychotic, recluse to have ever live, and it just so happens that this monster of a man is the neighbor of the two young children, at least this is how â€Å"Boo† Radley is perceived to be in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. â€Å"Jem† Jeremy Atticus Finch and â€Å"Scout† Jean Louise Finch, the two children, one four years younger than the other, the youngest being Scout, find themselves bound by curiosity to rip â€Å"Boo† Arthur Radley from his protective house. This is when the relationship of Boo Radley and the Finch children begin, but the relationship between Boo and the children change through the course of the novel. At first, the children both believe that Boo is a terrible monster and a prisoner within his own home. They, along with the entire town of Maycomb, believe he is a psychotic anger-filled maniac. The town even came up with rumors about him saying he stabbed his own father with scissors. The obsession with â€Å"Boo† begins when a young boy named Dill moves in with his Aunt who lives by Jem and Scout. Dill meets Jem and Scout resulting in Dill’s curiosity of meeting Boo Radley. That summer began the race to finally see Boo. At this time in the book the children describe Boo as a rodent-eating, drooling, ugly, tall, monster, hence the name â€Å"Boo†. They believed that everything about Boo and his house is haunted and would kill you. The children come up with different schemes to get Boo out of the house, but they all seem to fail. They continue to think of Boo this way until Boo starts to actually interact with the children. The transition of how Jem and Scout view Boo seems to happens quite rapidly, but actually takes a while for the children to realize Boo’s true personality. As Boo begins to leave gifts in the hole of a tree near the Radley house for them the children, starting with Jem, begin to think differently. He leaves gum, pennies, an old pocket watch, and more things he has to the children. It is then figured out that Boo is the one who put a blanket around Scout during the fire that occurred at Miss Maudies house. Th night was cold and that caring act seemed to give Boo a different sense of who he is to the children. The children are beginning to realize that maybe Boo isnt so bad. During Tom Robinson’s trial, an African-American man who is convicted of rape, it is said by Jem,â€Å"Scout, I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radleys stayed shut up in the house all this time its because he wants to stay inside. Seeing the prejudice and racism that Tom suffered in his case makes the kids understand why Boo may have wanted to decide to stay in his house all these years. The kids come to see Boo as a real person when he saves them from Bob Ewell, the man who attempts to kill the children in revenge, and not the monster he was first portrayed as. Scout then treats him as she would any neighbor would. As Atticus said, â€Å"You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them†. She now understands that Boo had been watching her and Jem the whole time, and that he was a true neighbor and was watching over them when they needed him. He was just a shy man who was very caring towards the children. Though she never sees Boo again after that night, Scout still thinks of him, as we can tell by her older selfs voice in this story. In this, the children’s maturity has definitely developed and it is evident in their relationship. By the end of the novel, they meet Boo and he is almost childlike in his mind due to lack of human contact over the past years, this may makes him almost closer to the children as he has a similar mental capacity. When they meet and Boo is about to leave to go back home he asks Scout if she could walk him home. This just goes to show how innocent and childlike Boo is. That he wants someone to walk him home as if he was scared to do so alone. Boo Radley and the children’s relationship had evolved from the beginning of the book to the end very dramatically from Boo being a monster to now his being a neighbor and a friend.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Graduate College Admissions Essays

My Philosophy of Teaching    As an undergraduate, I was a teaching assistant for several psychology courses, including introductory psychology, behavioral statistics and research methods. My first teaching experience was as a Teaching Assistant for statistics; I now believe that this is where my individual teaching philosophy began taking shape.    As a teaching assistant for behavioral statistics, I was exposed to the student's outlook on the material, in which a lack of enthusiasm for statistics was undoubtedly portrayed. The message was clear: seemingly uninteresting and inapplicable material equals uninterested students. The students that I assisted did not believe that this material would clearly impact their lives; they did not see a meaning or purpose in comprehending or learning the material aside from dutifully collecting a grade at the end of the semester.    Even as an undergraduate student, I was saddened by the lack of enthusiasm by other students for learning a topic that I felt could benefit everyone. Since that time, I have slowly develop...

Tracey †Wiersema Triple Axis (Operational Excellence)

Treacy and Wiersema assert that companies achieve leadership positions by narrowing, not broadening their business focus. Treacy and Wiersema identify three â€Å"value-disciplines† that can serve as the basis for strategy: operational excellence, customer intimacy, and product leadership. As with driving forces, only one of these value disciplines can serve as the basis for strategy. Treacy and Wiersema’s three value disciplines are briefly defined below: Operational Excellence: Strategy is predicated on the production and delivery of products and services. The objective is to lead the industry in terms of price and convenience. Customer Intimacy: Strategy is predicated on tailoring and shaping products and services to fit an increasingly fine definition of the customer. The objective is long-term customer loyalty and long-term customer profitability. Product Leadership: Strategy is predicated on producing a continuous stream of state-of-the-art products and services. The objective is the quick commercialization of new ideas. Dr. Franklin C. Lewis set up Energy Services Providers Inc. n October 2002, obtaining approvals from the New York Public Service Commission, the New York Independent System Operator, and various New York utilities. By April 2003 he started serving customers, from an office in his home on a quiet hill in Vermont. In 2005 ESPI became the largest electricity supplier in the National Grid territory in New York, with more accounts than any competitor, and by November 2007 the business became so big Lewis decided to move to premises in Williamstown, in the northwestern tip of Massachusetts. Some electricity suppliers attract new customers by offering amazing deals for three months, but require the customer to sign a contract for a year or two or more. ESPI does not have any contracts or cancellation fees. They just say, â€Å"try us and see. † Every company likes to advertise its customer service, but few live up to their promises. In the deregulated electricity market, however, ESPI has found that superior customer service is a sure way to differentiate itself. Many supply companies tend to do a churn and burn. They put telemarketers on to call a territory, get as many customers as they can, then go to the next territory. They don’t care whether those customers are saving money or not. † The ESPI business model is all about educating customers to save money on their electricity bills, which is a great incentive for new customers, and once they begin to realize the benefits, they tend to stay. Since deregulation, customers have been changing electric ity suppliers almost as fast as their socks, but ESPI can boast of customers who have remained loyal since 2003. Another service offered is help with grant applications to NYSERDA, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, which offers grants to businesses for projects that will reduce their usage of electricity, whether by installing energy-efficient lighting or a new refrigeration unit. ESPI has experts who know exactly which form to fill out, how to do it, and they can walk you through it. ESPI dwells upon superb operations and execution. It is provided by their reasonable quality at very low cost. They have a task-oriented vision towards personnel which helps them excel amongst their competitors.

Love Conquers All Essay

I believe that a relationship is more than just love, it’s a balance of communication, love, and trust. The day I fell in love was a defining moment in my life. I now had a partner and a life long friend . My husband and I spent the first part of our marriage struggling over money issues. There was never enough money to take care of all the bills and the kids, as well as our moments. Still through all the rough hills we climbed, nothing ever broke our bond to each other. My husband tried repeatedly to find work so that he could support his family; he was so determined. At last an opportunity to build bridges emerged and he went for it. Grateful we were going to be financially secure, we now have three times the income he was making. Everything was looking up! We would not have to scrape by anymore. With the new career also came new challenges, my husband would be out of town five days a week. We have never even been apart! How was this going to work? I was a little scared to be alone, so we sat down and discussed the challenges together. I learned that he was nervous too. He was going to be so far away and could not protect his family. We just bonded together, it was emotional. We knew it was going to be a great opportunity for our family. â€Å"I am going to miss you so much, this is going to be tough†, I said while standing by his packed car. He pulled me in and held me tightly in his arms, kissing my forehead ever so gently and whispered,†I love you so much and this will only make us stronger.† We kissed each other good bye and away he drove. Then I cried! Week after week it became easier to say bye, but the tears always filled my eyes when I watched him drive away. This was the hardest thing we ever went through. During the time he worked out of town I became a stronger woman and mother. I learned that love can conquer all. We worked together more than ever before and we grew to understand just how much our family†¦

Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements

Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements Platinum is a transition metal that is highly valued for jewelry and alloys. Here are interesting facts about this element. Platinum Basic Facts Atomic Number: 78 Symbol: Pt Atomic Weight: 195.08 Discovery Its difficult to assign credit for the discovery. Ulloa 1735 (in South America), Wood in 1741, Julius Scaliger in 1735 (Italy) all can make claims. Platinum was used in relatively pure form by the pre-Columbian Indians. Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Word Origin: from the Spanish word platina, meaning little silver Isotopes Six stable isotopes of platinum occur in nature (190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198). Information on three additional radioisotopes is available (191, 193, 197). Properties Platinum has a melting point of 1772 Â °C, the boiling point of 3827 /- 100 Â °C, the specific gravity of 21.45 (20 Â °C), with a valence of 1, 2, 3, or 4. Platinum is a ductile and malleable silvery-white metal. It does not oxidize in air at any temperature, although it is corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. Platinum does not dissolve in hydrochloric or nitric acid but will dissolve when the two acids are mixed to form aqua regia. Uses Platinum is used in jewelry, wire, to make crucibles and vessels for laboratory work, electrical contacts, thermocouples, for coating items that must be exposed to high temperatures for long periods of time or must resist corrosion, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt alloys have interesting magnetic properties. Platinum absorbs large amounts of hydrogen at room temperature, yielding it at red heat. The metal is often used as a catalyst. The platinum wire will glow red-hot in the vapor of methanol, where it acts as a catalyst, converting it to formaldehyde. Hydrogen and oxygen will explode in the presence of platinum. Sources Platinum occurs in native form, usually with small amounts of other metals belonging to the same group (osmium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, and rhodium). Another source of the metal is sperrylite (PtAs2). Element Classification Transition Metal Platinum Physical Data Density (g/cc): 21.45 Melting Point (K): 2045 Boiling Point (K): 4100 Appearance: very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 139 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 9.10 Covalent Radius (pm): 130 Ionic Radius: 65 (4e) 80 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.133 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 21.76 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~470 Debye Temperature (K): 230.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.28 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 868.1 Oxidation States: 4, 2, 0 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.920 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Free sample - The Eyes Can Be Deceived. translation missing

The Eyes Can Be Deceived. The Eyes Can Be DeceivedIn the short story of â€Å"Teddy,† it is true that eyes can be deceived. The truth presented was misrepresented. Teddy was a boy aged ten with stress, but people saw a calm child who was at peace with his surrounding and people around him. All the bitter stuff in his family emotionally affected Teddy that he felt he could not take anymore. The adults were too busy that they failed to understand a boy affected with situations around him. The boy felt unloved and unappreciated by his family. He felt so detached from other people. He was so frightened, but nobody was able to understand that because the child looked fine. His parent did not attend or observe him to know that he had a problem. They did not understand him since they thought he was speaking and acting like a child of his age. The child did things beyond him. They saw a child and never considered what the child thought or felt. The adults never notice that the boy was desperately withdrawn. They failed to observe that he was also that the boy acted strangely by distancing himself from his parents and sister. He felt the urge to do that because he felt unloved and uncared for. He plans and records his death just as an adult contemplating suicide would do. Nicholson did not listen keenly or take the words of Teddy seriously when he talked about his death (Salinger, 2010).   He did not even bother to know why the young boy said that and what he meant. The adult took Teddy as a child who did not know what he was saying. A child’s word is taken as a mare joke, but that should not have been in the case of Teddy. He was serious in what he said and meant it. He wanted to defend himself from a self-centered society. People saw Teddy as a little child who could not understand what was going on. Their eyes deceived them because the reasoning of Teddy was far beyond that of a child. Teddy was not a child at all since he could understand so many things categorized as adult stuff. He felt that adults are stubborn people who are tolerant and irresponsible. To him they did not accept their faults to correct them and they were aggressive for nothing. Teddy was a victim of the children’s character of the perception that a child could not understand some issues that happen in the adult world like responsibility. The eyes of grownups were deceived and overlooked; Teddy needed acceptance and love. His actions were clear in the way he was withdrawn from other people a thing observable yet nobody noticed. A child of Teddy’s age would not be so serious in noting down his actions in a notebook (Salinger, 2010). He was seriously concentration on what he had written in his notebook. People looked at him as a child and failed to understand he was up to something serious or dangerous. People feel that a child is not able to understand the pressures of life, therefore, never get stress. Nicholson found him seated alone yet he could not understand he was stressed up and lonely. The boy had written something down about his contemplated death. Nicholson had observed hid write, but never bothered to know what Teddy was writing. Teddy was struggling in life just like sixteen-year-old boy suffering in insecurities to grasp his personality that was unappreciated (Salinger,   1994). It is true that people make a judgment based on what they see and not what they hear. A child of Teddy’s age would not make his argument about life and issued in life as he did. Nicholson question Teddy’s spirituality and his responses amused him. It was astonishing how the boy argued and presented his ideas. The boy’s love for God was unsentimental and that of his parent did not matter to him. He continues to say that he was a person progressing well spiritually, but not a holy man. This is an argument for a person far above his age. Teddy comments on how he stopped meditating after meeting a woman and fell from grace (Salinger, 2010). The boy clearly understood that spiritual matters are personal which a child of his age would not understand. Additionally, the argument that death was not something major it was just parting with the body. He seemed not to be afraid of death like any other child. Teddy makes a statement about his sister pushing him to the pull and breaking his skull (Salinger, 2010). Nicholson does not understand that the statement was a prediction for his death and said it to instill guilt to the adults once it occurred. The intelligent boy also felt that his sister Booper hated him. He said that his sister would push him and he would die so that after committing suicide the sister would fear horrified and miserable. This makes him designs his death to instill guiltiness to everybody that surrounded him. In conclusion, grownup should have concentrated Teddy and observed him closely. His intellectual and argument should have made them listen to him and would have seen a disaster that he had predicted. They should not have taken him as a child and thus, would have prevented his action. This is because as the story ends Teddy thrusts himself into the pool. It was evidenced by the screams of his little sister. He never died as evidenced by the empty pool. References Salinger, J. D. (2010). Nine Stories. New York: Back Bay Books. Salinger, J. D. (1994). The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Penguin.J. D. Salinger †º Visit Amazon's J. D. Salinger Page Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author Are you an Author? Learn about Author Central amznJQ.onReady('bylinePopover', function () {});

Revamp Your Resume How to Choose Fonts

Revamp Your Resume How to Choose Fonts Within the bounds of taste and good judgment, a resume can be a place to express your best professional self. While â€Å"Best Resume† lists often focus on formatting and use of white space, don’t forget to think about your font choices- your first presentation of words to a potential employer. Patricia Antonelli over at TalentEgg has some more specific guidance for those of you who don’t know your Papyrus from your Antigua Bold. Generally you want a font size that is legible, even on mobile devices, but not so big that it looks like a sign posted on a billboard- shoot for size 11, except for your headers.1. Serif FontsOpen up a Word document and try out some of these, like Baskerville or Georgia. Serif fonts have little lines at end of each letter stroke. Fonts with serifs come across as â€Å"more traditional and reliable†- they tend to look better in print than on a screen, so select one of them if you’re going to be handing out your resume in ha rd copy.Avoid Times New Roman! It’s an obvious choice that signals employers you don’t know how to make your work stand out.2. Sans Serif FontsFonts like Helvetica and Calibri lack the little tails on serif fonts, and read more cleanly on-screen. These are safe choices for business jobs or any online application process. Coordinate your choice with your cover letter for a cohesive, polished look.Formal and traditional? Serif is the way to go. Contemporary and sleek? San serif probably sends the right message.3. Script FontsYou can get away with a script font for your name at the top, but fancy fonts like Zapfino or Bickham Script can look messy in print or fail to translate on another operating system. The last thing you want is an unintelligible resume, so don’t try to make yours look like someone wrote it with a quill pen.4. Display FontsAnything in the â€Å"other† category like Giddyup or Jazz is a big risk- some people may see them as fun and creativ e, but unless you’re applying for visual arts jobs (like a graphic designer or teaching artist) it’s probably better to err on the side of professionalism. Check out the company’s website to see what their visual style is, and try to find something complementary.You want your resume to show off your experience and achievements, and any font that distracts from that is the wrong choice. Have a friend glance over your resume before your submit it; if the font is the first thing they notice, before your name or objective, keep looking until their first response is, â€Å"What a great-looking resume!†

Play Station 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Play Station 4 - Research Paper Example Watch dogs ranks second and the FIFA 14 ranks third. The reviews from the customers who bought these games earlier have contributed greatly to the increased sales by creating an urge among other buyers. Below, I shall discuss the reason each game made it to this list. This PS4 game has sold over two million, five hundred and ten thousand copies in both North America and Europe. This number of sales is incredible. There are those who feel that these sales are because it a Cod game and the lovers just buy it on this basis. But this game is unique, that boosts its sales. This game features players on the side of a nation fighting for liberty: they have to fight hard to survive. The immersion levels in this game are stunning, and the performance is good. These features raise its demand among play station 4 lovers. Another fascinating feature that makes this game an exceptional one is that unlike in the past call of duty games, one creates a soldier. It is upon the player to decide the gender and the appearance of a soldier. People love character customization, and this game offers just that. There is also a feature on the multiplayer. As the match goes on, the environment evolves. This change in landscape makes the players change tactics and come up with other strategies making the player feel that they own the game. Watchdogs has sold over two million four hundred and seventeen thousand copies. The game stands out because of the multi-player system that is simply amazing and that it is a fun game to play. The game has good visuals that are mind blowing. Most players love this game because the controls are tight, and the game is responsive. Every button on the PS4 is utilized for this game making it more captivating. The story line of watchdogs is interesting, and once the player gets to level two, it is even more captivating. It creates an urge that is intense among the players where the player utilizes the city’s feature to their full

Constantine and Christianization Research Paper

Constantine and Christianization - Research Paper Example His mother was a Christian and it is assumed that her influence may have been a factor in his conversion, although this is based on speculation since there is no record relating to the reasons for his faith. He was undoubtedly a man of conviction who changed his spiritual allegiance out of sincere motives, but his individual beliefs do not explain the gradual consolidation of the Christian place which took place during his lifetime. In order to explore this fascinating period of history and explain the rapid process of Christianization in this period it is necessary to look at the political and economic conditions of the time as well as some of the religious and philosophical debates which were carried out in clerical and academic circles. Constantine became emperor of the whole Roman Empire in 324 at a time when most of the Roman authorities were convinced that the stability of the empire depended upon persecuting Christians and promoting the traditional polytheistic religion of Roman antiquity, while admitting some secular and philosophical debate drawn from the widely popular Greek culture of the time. According to Gill (1) Constantine’s conversion to Christianity was one major contribution to Western history but it is matched by his creation of the illustrious city of Constantinople, which became a model for other cities to follow and a rival to the glory of Rome. His massive building plan gave greater credibility to the Christian faith, particularly as he was interested in Church architecture and devoted significant sums of money to Christian projects. Constantine was a remarkably generous patron to the arts and architecture, leaving his mark on the history of European culture in the form of many ambitious buildings which together characterise what came to be known as Byzantine culture. Some important

Analysis of Marketing Mix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Marketing Mix - Research Paper Example This includes increasing the number of products in the market while maintaining quality and low production costs. Product development ranges from identifying customer need to designing activities that analyze and refine new ideas. These ideas bring about new products or refine existing products. Unique, high quality and affordable products give a business an advantage over competitors (Brassington and Pettitt, 2005). Beauty for price Hairdressing has faced steep competition from similar businesses in the region. Product development requires intense marketing, especially in a competitive industry. Investing in marketing involves advertising, employing human marketers, promotions, and other activities that sell out the business. With the upcoming events, the salon needs intense marketing and reorganizing the business process. This includes buying better hairdressing equipment and employing more hairdressers. Human resource is necessary for service delivery. Events such as sports and co nferences have several participants and more workers are required to handle the large numbers effectively. Employing experts improves the quality of services offered which surpass competing businesses. Introduction of new business services such as massage, manicure, pedicure, and other related services can also increase the number of customers (Adcock, Halborg and Ross, 2001). Businesses distribute their products in different ways to provide customer convenience. Distribution methods depend on the type of business and its intended customers. Global companies have distribution centers in several regions around the globe. Products are dispatched from the distribution center nearest to the customer (Jobber, 2010). This reduces distribution cost and time required for the product to reach the customer. Retailers incorporate several distribution methods that focus on customer satisfaction at a minimum cost. Efficient and pleasurable shopping experiences that meet customer needs and market demands are required by business organizations. Most customers prefer businesses providing quality and convenient services. A salon can introduce mobile services to its customers. During major events, most participants reside in hotels and prefer room services. Starting mobile room services would serve as a boost to business activities (Jones Mothersbaugh and Beatty, 2003). E-commerce and advertising through the internet is another way of ensuring the availability of products. Customers can access the business website to learn about their services and book appointments. The distribution channel in a hairdressing business consists of wholesalers who sell and supply products to the salon. The salon then uses the products to offer services to customers. Maintaining a constant link with suppliers is necessary for constant availability of products for customer convenience. The business location also determines customer convenience. Customers prefer business locations that are easily acc essible.  Ã‚  

TO BE OF USE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TO BE OF USE - Essay Example Praise has been showered for the courage and patience of those who are determined to carry forward the task, work with fortitude and eyes on their final objective. There are people who render their services for the mankind, without caring for the inclement weather, adverse circumstances like the farmers do, to produce the grains for all of us. There are those having patience of waiting for their turn, to comply with the law at the cost of their own discomfort, but working relentlessly for achieving the aims and objectives that they have set for themselves. These people, working in close coordination with others in a team spirit, take pride in helping others. They are always there when the fellow human beings need them or whenever the society asks for them. Marge Piercy has compared the consistent worker with a craftsman who diligently shapes the seemingly useless water soaked soil into beautifully pottery. These pots in many attractive shapes adorn our drawing halls, make way in museums, add colour to the grace of our homes and has the ability to hold a number of other costly items. An able and diligent worker also feels happy and contented in the fact that others around feel happy when they see the outcome of their work.

WEEK 1 APPLICATION 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 1 APPLICATION 1 - Essay Example they have put in place necessary tools to enable distribution of knowledge, For instance, by putting various incentives and performance management programs, human resource department believe that workers are motivated enough to share knowledge. Other department follow suit by putting measures to either collect data or encourage workers to form occupational communities to distribute knowledge. The assumption that workers can willingly share their hard-won knowledge because of the above motivators is not true. An interview with 43 knowledge workers revealed that intrinsic motivators like job insecurity, altruistic sharing, social ties, and professionalism make workers share their knowledge. In addition, enlightened self-interest and performance reviews are extrinsic motivators to sharing of knowledge. At times, workers fail to share genuine knowledge with their colleagues because of job insecurity, to protect one’s competitive edge, personal traits, confidentiality, and lack of sharing culture. Additionally, acceptance of knowledge motivates workers to share it. The age of the persons sharing knowledge is an important motivator

Environmentally Friendly Sources of Energy Essay

Environmentally Friendly Sources of Energy - Essay Example The anger over high gas prices opened up an old debate over the world's limited fossil fuels, their effect on the environment, and solutions for the future. The course of action is clear, the United States must move beyond Fossil Fuels to more environmentally friendly source of energy. Pollution caused by car fuel is responsible for a number of natural and human afflictions. Topping that long list is acid rain, lung problems including asthma, smog, and global warming. The regulation of car emissions did not begin until 1970. After eighty years of neglect air pollution had become a problem that seemed uncontrollable. President Nixon and his administration struggled to pass legislation that would require vehicles to produce less emissions and be safer for the environment. They did succeed in passing the Federal Clean Air Act, the first in a series of actions meant to improve the quality of air in the United States. The first Act simply stated what was an acceptable amount of emissions and what was not. As the years went by and more provisions were made the Act was still weak, and was used more like a suggestion than a law (Conlin 807). Cars create pollution in a number of ways. The major contribution is ozone being released at a ground level. The World Resources Institute warns "breathing ozone concentrations of 0.012ppm, levels that are typical in many cities can irritate the respiratory tract and impair lung function causing coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In addition to the effects that gas produced pollution has on the human body" (66), it can have a severe effect on the planet as a whole. Another component of car emissions is carbon dioxide, a compound which traps heat. Since the Middle Ages the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment has increased by 30% and the temperature of the planet has increased in a similar way. Global warming can cause many environmental problems including damage to coral reefs, spread of disease, droughts, the melting of the North Pole, and most recently documented severe weather conditions like tropical storms and hurricanes. The amount of gasoline used by cars is staggering. World Resource Institute cites that vehicles used for transportation consumed about 25% of the world's energy, and 80% of that is caused by cars. In 1996 the world's gas consumption topped a trillion liters. America easily uses more gas then it is able to produce. Petroleum is not a renewable resource. The United States imports 50% of the oil it uses (World 79). This leads to an additional problem with petroleum based fuel. The United States has become dependent on foreign countries for this fuel and therefore must maintain a good working relationship with other national governments which nurture terrorism and poor treatment of it's citizens. "Biodiesel is an American-made fuel that can be produced from any fat or vegetable oil, such as soybean oil. Biodiesel is cleaner burning than traditional diesel, and its production and use builds our U.S. economy, rather than our reliance on the Middle East" (Biodiesel, par 3). A shortage of petroleum gas leads to rising gas prices. Of course there are many simple ways that people can cut down on their gas usage. Many of them involved car pooling, not using gas powered machines on ozone days, and to relearn the virtues of taking and enjoying a nice long walk. However, the bigger

WEEK 1 APPLICATION 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 1 APPLICATION 1 - Essay Example they have put in place necessary tools to enable distribution of knowledge, For instance, by putting various incentives and performance management programs, human resource department believe that workers are motivated enough to share knowledge. Other department follow suit by putting measures to either collect data or encourage workers to form occupational communities to distribute knowledge. The assumption that workers can willingly share their hard-won knowledge because of the above motivators is not true. An interview with 43 knowledge workers revealed that intrinsic motivators like job insecurity, altruistic sharing, social ties, and professionalism make workers share their knowledge. In addition, enlightened self-interest and performance reviews are extrinsic motivators to sharing of knowledge. At times, workers fail to share genuine knowledge with their colleagues because of job insecurity, to protect one’s competitive edge, personal traits, confidentiality, and lack of sharing culture. Additionally, acceptance of knowledge motivates workers to share it. The age of the persons sharing knowledge is an important motivator

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example Shocking too is that almost half the group had undergone some form of mental or physical abuse. According to Alsbjer (3), the experiences that the AAS users had from school were in most cases negative and were accompanied by LDs (learning difficulties), boredom, as well as concentration problems. The current circumstances of the interviewees included theft, illegal possession of weapons, crimes such as assault and wife battering, and abuse of other drugs. Their stories on the development of drug use varied significantly taking into account social background, onset of drug use, relationship to use as well as experience of the effects of AAS. Initially, all patients had experienced positive AAS effects, but with time the negative consequences overrode them. It was found out that all of them were given to excess gym training and combined this with steroids an indicator that the use of AAS has a close relation to gym training. This source’s only bias is the dwelling mostly on adults and their current endeavors to recover from AAS abuse and addiction. This shortcoming can be countered or covered by arguing from the point of view that those under observation give accounts of having started the abuse of steroids in their adolescence or teens. The source fails to consider the possibility of teens from well off families starting to use steroids as a matter of peer pressure and to enhance their looks albeit citing social difficulties and mental issues as the cause. This possibility is factored in, in most of the other sources. The audience for the material in this source would specifically be AAS users to help them understand the hidden reasons behind AAS use from the interviewees’ accounts of their stories. This source is appropriate for my research by providing some effects of AAS use such as acting as a gateway to abuse of other drugs, as well as connection to criminal activities. This source h as

History 1920s Essay Example for Free

History 1920s Essay America went through many social changes with the American Revolution and industrial revolution. During the 1920’s, the face of America began to change more into an urban society. Many differences between the rural and urban sides of America emerged. Historians consider the tensions of the 1920s as a backlash against the rising urban America, which turns out true. Rural people believed that the city lacked morals. The urban city dwellers lashed back saying that rural residents did not understand the technology of modern times. In the 1920s, for the first time in American history, more people lived in cities rather than the countryside. People living in the more rural parts of America saw the urban lifestyle as a threat to traditionally shared value. The cities, a haven for political corruption and distraction, had much more alcohol and prostitution problems than their countryside counterparts did. With the rise of Hollywood and films, people found an escape from their routine life and went to see movies that portrayed what it really meant to live the American dream. However, the rural side of the country stuck to the old ways of agriculture life as the struggle between old and new still went on. With the rise in media also came an increase of cultural battles. The media brought about a revolution of morals since many urban Americas saw the changes in media and lifestyle as liberation from the old countryside Victorian past. Granted, the rural Americans did not see it this way. They felt that American had begun to change in sinful ways and that the ethicality of America had begun to decay. Many people in the countryside also resented the amount of immigrants coming into America. As a result, the Klu Klux Klan revived and revolted against the immigrants, Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and any modern or progressive movement. Located mostly in the rural parts of America, the Klu Klux Klan greatly showed their discontent with the modern American lifestyle. The South showed their animosity towards the foreigners and Blacks through discrimination and racism. However, none of this stopped the urban rise of America that the country would soon have to accept.

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- American Literature, Biography

Shirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraft or not, but it ended up helping her write her stories http://www.literarytraveler.com/literary_articles/shirley_jackson_bennington.aspx). A major story that throws people for a loop is â€Å"The Lottery†. This was Jackson’s first short story and many people did not know how to take the story. Your everyday person may be offended by it,but an everyday writer may think it is a work of art. Even though Jackson seemed like a normal person, she enjoyed writing about the dark side of things; hence, â€Å"The Lottery† was written. Shirley Jackson was born December 14, 1919, in San Francisco. She spent all of her childhood in Burlingame, California, and started her writing, as well. Then when she turned seventeen, her and her family moved east, where she enrolled in the University of Rochester. After only a year in the university, she left and decided to pursue writing. Another year passed and she attended Syracuse University. There she published her first story, â€Å"Janice† and also won a poetry contest. After winning the contest, she met Stanley Edgar Hyman. They got acquainted and founded a magazine together called: The Spectre. Later in life they ended up getting married. Together they had four children and moved around so Hyman could have a job with... ..." Study Guides & Essay Editing | GradeSaver. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† An Introduction to Literature. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. 15th ed. New York: Longman, 2008. 193-199 Kelleher, Katy. "Shirley Jackson in Bennington Vermont, Shirley Jackson Ebooks, Shirley Jackson First Editions, Shirley Jackson Tours LiteraryTraveler.com." Literary Traveler, Literary Tours, Travel Writing, Travel Literature, Ereaders, EBooks, Travel, HemingwayLiteraryTraveler.com. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Literary Analysis: The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - by Amelia Tibbett - Page 2 - Helium." Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Shirley Jackson - Biography of Shirley Jackson - English 101." Simple Writers Student Papers and Essays. 2006. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Shirley Jackson's Bio. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. .

Desktop Computer vs. Laptop Computers :: Compare Contrast Technology Essays Papers

Desktop Computer vs. Laptop Computers The invention of computers has made a huge change in human civilization and society, by changing the way people think. Computers replaced jobs and tedious repetitive thoughts that were done by human originally. People became more and more reliant on computers, and thus, computers became essential to our lives. Computers can manufacture products quickly, and eliminate possible human errors. As technology progresses, new ideas have been brought into computer to make them perform more efficiently. Also, scientists and engineers tend to make things â€Å"smaller†, so we can enjoy the benefits from electronic devices anywhere and anytime. Therefore, size and efficiency are two main points for consumers. Desktop computer and laptop computer are representatives for each of these concepts. Although desktops and laptops come from the same origin, they are different in many ways. The history of computers is an amazing story filled with interesting statistics. â€Å"The first computer was invented by a man named Konrad Zuse. He was a German construction engineer, and he used the machine mainly for mathematic calculations and repetition† (Bellis, Inventors of Modern Computer). The invention shocked the world; it inspired people to start the development of computers. Soon after, â€Å"In 1946, John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert developed the fastest computer at that time, the ENIAC I. It was built under the assistance of the US army, and it was used on military researches. The ENIAC I contained 17468 vacuum tubes, along with 70000 resistors, 10000 capacitors, 1500 relays, 6000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet of floor space, weighed 3 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power.†(Bellis, Inventors of Modern Computer) These statistics are amazing, but even more amazing is the development of computers. Now in 2005, in this short 68-year period, computer technology has changed its entire look; now, we use computer chips instead of vacuum tubes and circuit board instead of wires. The changes in size and speed are probably the biggest. When we look at computers today, it is very hard to imagine computers 60 years ago were such big, heavy monsters. Desktop computers were commonly used since the late 90’s. The increasing number of applications on desktop computers allowed us to do all kinds of different activities like games, music, video, document editing and so on. In comparison with laptop computers, desktop computers have more stable performance, greater capacities, and throughout history, they have proven themselves more reliable to handle every job they have been assigned.

Analyse the techniques Emily Bronte uses to explore the good and evil that can exist in human nature

In the gothic novel â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Bronte explores a range of emotions, including the theme of good and evil. These emotions are often of a blatant disperse, in which the reader can almost see it coming. However sometimes the novel takes a sudden twist and Bronte shocks the reader by the characters changing there usual attitude and bring out new emotions. This makes the novel more thrilling and mind blowing. Characters also convert their emotions and way of doing things by the way they have been brought up, a typical example of this is Heathcliff. We also see either more, or a change in emotions in the characters when loved ones around them change, or are shockingly took away from them. We know this is a gothic novel because of its features, although we do not have the traditional castle there is a mysterious house and one with hidden secrets. We have a villain, Heathcliff who is passion driven and wilful. The weather plays a part in Wuthering Heights, with the stormy weather and the endless cold nights, this doesn't create a nice image and shows that it is dark and evil. Through Nelly, Bronte tells us of the brutal acts of evil played on by Hindley. In this particular extract he is physically and mentally tormenting his young son Hareton. We can tell Hareton is terrified of his father when Nelly says he was â€Å"squealing and kicking† This relates to the gothic genre of the novel as it seems as if the devil has captured him and he cannot break free. Literary techniques such as â€Å"frighten child into fits† sends shivers through your spine, and you as the reader wants Hareton to be ok and dislike Hindley. However, not all is evil in this event, we see an episode of kindness from a character, which is in fact usual torturer Heathcliff. This sudden act has Heathcliff catch little Hareton from a quick escape, jumping over the banister from his fathers tight grasp. This is a shock to the readers. I also think that Heathcliff himself is astonished by what he has done after all the years of Heathcliff torturing Hareton. â€Å"By a natural impulse he arrested his descent† this just shows that Heathcliff is not all evil, and if someone was truly in trouble, he would come and help them, even if he did despise them. Its not just the characters that display this confusion over good and evil, it also has a lot to do with the atmosphere around them. At the beginning, Lockwood is exploring the â€Å"Grotesque† â€Å"Wuthering Heights†, by first look we would automatically come to the conclusion that it is an evil house, finding all of its â€Å"Grotesque carvings† and â€Å"Shameless little boys†. This displays the uncared for place unfit for a normal human life. He shows the gothic features of the house by saying â€Å"a swarm of squealing puppies† which could relate to the hounds of hell, which makes this house scary and full of hatred. However in the mask of evilness, lays a side of the Heights witch we wouldn't think existed. A clean liveable place, which is not visible from the first look at the house. We know this is a better side of the house by the language Bronte uses such as â€Å"splendidly and immense† which says that the house isn't all gothic and evil and can be a good place, this house is full of secrets. In comparison to the Heights, Thrushcross Grange is an upper class beautiful palace. The language Bronte uses such as â€Å"splendid†, â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"Heavenly† makes it seem as if the house and the people in it are perfect and could never do anything bad. Something that is quite significant about this house is the amount of crimson, in this time it was deemed you would have this if you where upper class. Below the surface of the â€Å"Heaven† lays a twisted evil side. In fact we find evilness in a little girl, Isabella who lives at the Grange. Heathcliff tells us that she was â€Å"Shrieking as if witches where running hot needles in to her†, this makes it seem as if she is in brutal pain and must lead a horrible life. We then find out that she is really just having a tantrum over a little puppy which is trembling with fright. This shows a different sort of evil, this girl is so spoilt she wouldn't know what it would be like to truly be upset. In the Grange Bronte uses this house to show that the upper class isn't always perfect and there nature can be very false. Overall I think the houses are almost mirror images. The Heights seems gothic and evil on the surface, but when explored deeply shows protection and a sign of kindness. Whereas the Grange seems to be a heavenly place, but the residents have been around luxury for so long, they have become evil, it just shows that not everything is what meets the eye. When Catherine dies we see both a good and evil side to Heathcliff. When we first hear about Catherine dying, we believe that Heathcliff is miserable and so upset to see the person he loves dying in his arms. We can tell he is truly upset when he is â€Å"looking absolutely desperate†. This seems as if Heathcliff is really caring for Cathy when they are â€Å"locked in an embrace. We believe that Heathcliff has changed his usual mean ways and is really upset for Catherine. Even though Heathcliff is trying to protect Catherine we see that Nelly is very upset in this scene as she cannot say the goodbyes to Catherine she wants too, this is because Heathcliff is smothering Catherine, Nelly is describing him as a horrible possessed man, he â€Å"gnashed at me† and â€Å"foamed like a dog†. I would describe this scene as beautifully evil, because even though Heathcliff is showing such evil actions, he is still trying to care for Catherine and doesn't want her to die. This is their passionate goodbye But we couldn't be more wrong; this passion disappears and is twisted. Heathcliff turns on Catherine and becomes evil. He make her seem as if she is worthless and deserves to die. He blames her for everything bad that has happened to him. He snaps at her â€Å"I have not broken your heart – you have broken it† this is nasty and bitter towards Cathy, especially since she is about to die. Cathy sobs for him to leave her alone, begging for his forgiveness. This shows much evil in Heathcliff because he will not let her rest in peace. In conclusion, I believe the theme most dominant in this novel is evil. Although, most of the characters are either good or evil, this is not always dominant as characters such as Heathcliff and Hindley are evil, but we can see a good side to them. On the other hand characters such as the Linton's look really good on the surface, but there evil side can show when something doesn't go their own way. There are many ups and downs in this novel, and each character has a different way of showing there emotions.

Does God cause bad things to happen to His children? Essay

As one goes through life, tragedy and misfortune seem inevitable. One may be afflicted by diseases, involved in an accident or one’s child could die. Some people may consider this as purely bad luck. Others yet may consider it as karma coming back to haunt them for their past wrongdoings and transgressions. Nevertheless, it is common for people to question if God is the force behind the bad things. The question then arises, does God indeed cause bad things to happen to his children, or is there some force behind it? As long as one has faith and belief in God, the question is inevitable at certain points in life. However, the question as to whether God really does cause bad things to happen to his people is openly debatable. On the one hand, believers and non-believers alike would like to think that God punishes us and causes bad things to happen. To this group of people, God is trying to teach His children a lesson in addition to bringing them back to glory. On the other hand, others are of the opinion that God causes bad things to happen to them just to get their attention or to get His point across. The Book of Romans, 8: 28 – And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose, forms the basis of this argument (Nelson, 1982). Free will. It would be safe to argue that God does not in any way cause bad things to happen to his children. In John 3: 16, the Bible talks of the undying love that God has for his earthly children that he gave his only son to die so that they could be saved from eternal damnation (Nelson, 1982). Accordingly, God has accorded human beings with the necessary freedom to act as they wish on earth but has also provided the rules that are to guide their action. More over, the consequences for disobedience have clearly been stated. The Good Book, the Bible, contains the Ten Commandments that God’s children are to abide by. Flouting the rules results in tragedy and misfortune. When people misuse their freedom, they cause bad things to happen to them. Too much of anything is poisonous. Concomitantly, too much freedom is harmful. Out of free will or freedom, men commit murder and even genocide (McLarty, N. d. ). When people err and disobey his rules and commandments they are separated from God love. This is what is referred to as falling from grace in the Bible. Thus, the same freedom accorded us by God is the same freedom that separates men from the love of God and also causes bad things to happen. It is worth noting that faith does not in any way qualify as some kind of insurance policy. On the contrary, it can only be described as a mantle of assurance (Riverpower. org, 2008). Consequently, there is no way that God causes bad things to happen to his children because He has assured in His Holy Word that He will be with us no matter what we encounter or go through in this life. This is because He is considered to be an all caring all loving God. He hurts when His children hurt which then means that there is no way that God would then cause suffering, tragedy and death. However, one can then ask the question. Since God is all loving, all caring and does not want his people to suffer, how is it that he does not stop bad things from happening? This takes us back to the point that God has accorded his children with free will that they are to apply accordingly. One has the option to do good or evil, both of which have consequences. It is openly clear that God operates under certain rules. Unlike humans who openly flout the rules provided for them, God does indeed respect his own rules. He keeps his end of the bargain as long as his children keep theirs. He will rescue those who call out to him and ask for his help because he is all loving and caring (Riverpower. org, 2008). If God was the cause of both good and bad things happening to his children, it would be tantamount to control. This would then make nonsense of the freedom/free will he has given to His people. Again, control would only serve to make them like puppets. God does not in any way seem to supersede human free will to choose their best course of action and enjoy the benefits or suffer the consequences after ward. The first evidence that God does not override the free will/freedom he has accorded his children is in the Book of Genesis. In the Garden of Eden, He had provided Adam and Eve with the necessities plus he also put rules in place that they were to adhere to; not to eat from the tree at the centre of the Garden (Nelson, 1982). He then let them choose their own actions. Consequently, he decided not to interfere with Eve even when she chose to eat from the forbidden tree. Ultimately, God does not in any way cause bad things to happen to his children rather they bring it upon themselves.

Preschool Education System Essay

Ramona is a hard-working, loving, single mother of two preschool aged girls, Theresa and Rosa. She works overtime every week, just to make ends meet for her and her children. Ramona and her children are in poverty. Unfortunately, statistics indicate that Theresa and Rosa will struggle to receive the quality preschool education they need to in order to succeed throughout Kindergarten, grade school, high school and into adulthood. According to one study by Sum and Fogs, students living in poverty rank in the 19th percentile on academic assessments, while their peers who are part of mid-upper income families rank in the 66th percentile on the same assessments (Lacour and Tissington, 2011). â€Å"The achievement gap refers to significant disparity in low educational success between groups of children: low-income and minority children as compared to higher income and non-minority children† (Early Education for All). This academic achievement gap is unacceptable and every child dese rves the chance to excel to their fullest potential in school, in order to prepare for adulthood. Preschool is a pertinent part of a young child’s education, which has been proven successful many times in preparing children for grades K-12, and beyond. â€Å"Practitioners and researchers alike contend that the enrichment of preschool makes a difference especially for children living in poverty† (Loucks, Slaby, and Stelwagon). By providing all children with access to preschool programs, the educational achievement gap can be reduced. Unfortunately, since preschool is not a government mandated educational requirement, preschool must be privately funded, leaving families who are unable to pay tuition costs are. This is an opportunity that Theresa and Rosa would miss out on because Ramona cannot afford the tuition. Because of these lasting cognitive and social development benefits that preschool can provide, it should federally funded educational requirement. Quality preschool education needs to be regarded as a constitutional right, not a socioeconomic privilege. There is an increasing educational achievement gap in the United States, between children of low-income families, and their peers, due to their limited access to a preschool education. It has been proven time and time again, that underprivileged children, who are not provided with the access to a preschool education, perform lower in later academic learning, than those who were afforded a preschool education. One study in California revealed that second and third grade students of low-income families who did not attend preschool were significantly less proficient in English and Mathematics (Loucks, Slaby, Stelwagon, 2005). Another California survey illustrated that poverty stricken children entering kindergarten were six months behind their wealthy peers in pre-reading skills. (Loucks, Slaby, Stelwagon, 2005). Children of low-income families are also much more likely to encounter environmental and health risk factors. (Early Education for All). These risks can potentially impede on a child’s readiness for school. For example, children living in poverty have been proven to begin kindergarten with significantly less mathematical knowledge than their peers. â€Å"This would suggest that the preschool experience is a mechanism to level the playing field and fully prepare students to succeed in kindergarten† (Loucks, Slaby, Stelwagon, 2005). By entering the early grades without having the proper pre-requisite education and skill sets, children run the risk of falling behind in class. When a student enters kindergarten unprepared, the students risk of grade retention increases, not only in kindergarten, but also in the grade school years to follow. Catching up to the required proficiency level becomes harder and harder for the student, and in some cases, the student will simply giv e up and either fail or drop out. Access to preschool education for these children can help to close the educational achievement gap, and prevent grade retention, by providing these children with the tools and skills necessary to prepare for Kindergarten and beyond. The United States of America prides itself on its educational standards, and even has ratified educational laws which require children to meet proficiency standards in reading and mathematics at certain grade levels, as indicated in the No Child Left Behind Act. The law incentivizes those school districts which show improvement in test scores, and enforce corrective actions upon those districts who continuously fail to improve student proficiencies. Still, these underprivileged children are left behind, and find it continually challenging to catch up, as the school grades progress. A child’s odds of academic accomplishment are maximized when attending a high quality preschool program, especially within the lower-income communities. This theory has been put to the test. In New Jersey lays a group of the thirty one most poverty stricken districts in the state called the Abbott Districts. The state of New Jersey granted these districts a program which funds preschool education within the districts to their children in order to close the achievement gap for poverty stricken students. The results were noteworthy, and the funds allocated to this cause were well spent. Children who attended this program improved on their math, language and literacy skills. The kindergartners who had previously attended the program closed the academic achievement gap by a remarkable fifty percent between their own literacy scores and those of the national average (Early Education for All, 2005). These results proved the program to be a great success. Studies have been conducted all over the United States, pertaining to children in poverty and the profound effect a preschool program can have on each child’s continued education. In a fifteen year follow up study in Chicago, Illinois, children who attended preschool were proven to be significantly more academically successful than their peers who did not attend preschool. At the age of thirteen, this group of children’s academic scores was sixty percent higher than those who did not attend. By the age of twenty, this same group who had attended preschool was thirty percent more likely to complete high school, and forty percent less likely to experience grade retention or be enrolled in special education classes (Early Education for All, 2005). It is important to remember, however, that although the strongest support for the advantages of preschool education indicates that underprivileged children benefit most, all children, regardless of socioeconomic status can benefi t academically from a preschool education. When a child has had the privilege of attending a quality preschool program, that child is also much more likely to adjust socially in adulthood, than those who did not attend a preschool program. According to Loucks, Sharon, Slaby and Stelwagon, those who have attended a quality preschool program are also less likely to have long periods of unemployment or welfare, and drop out of school. (â€Å"Why is preschool essential in closing the achievement gap?† par. 1). Adults who attended preschool as a child also have been proven to reduce delinquency and crime throughout adulthood (Barnett, 2008). Preschools are not only about cognitive learning, but they give a formal education to pre-kindergarten aged children on the developmental concepts of interaction with their peers. These lessons stay with the children through the remainder of their life. Without those lessons, many do not develop the social skills needed to succeed in our society. Preschool education is not only beneficial to the individuals who attend the programs, but it also benefits community and the local economy as a whole. Funds invested into preschool programs provide a significant return to the community. The RAND Corporation, a non-profit organization which provides objective analysis through surveys and research (The RAND Corporation), recently performed a study which found that for every on dollar invested into quality preschool programs for underprivileged children, two dollars and sixty-two cents was returned into the labor force and economy (Loucks, Slaby, and Stelwagon, Fall 2005). That is a two hundred and sixty percent return on investment. The direct return on this investment alone is more than enough to warrant a universal program. This study does not even include other potential indirect financial returns. Other financial returns from a public preschool investment would also be present in the lowering of state Medicaid costs, law enforcements costs, and other low-income assistance costs, such as food vouchers, homeless shelters and unemployment pay, which cost the government and tax payers a significant amount of money every year. Preschool is a necessary business investme nt for our economy to yield a higher return rate, than the current K-12 requirements today. The concept of a universal preschool program is not unheard of, not even in the United States. Most state government funded preschool programs are targeted toward children of lower income households. These programs have been put into place in a collaborative effort to close the educational achievement gap that exists in our society. However, some states, and even entire countries have already begun governmentally funding preschool programs, not just for underprivileged children whose families cannot afford the tuition, but for all pre-kindergarten aged children. In 1998, Oklahoma legislation ruled to make all four year olds eligible for a universal quality pre-kindergarten program (Sacks and Brown Ruzzi, 2005). Of course, a program as significant as this would not go without continued research and analysis. In a study performed between 2002 and 2003, significant supporting evidence was found which indicated that the program was a success. The study showed increased academic test scor es in the subjects of reading, spelling, writing and mathematics skills (Gormley, Gayer, Phillips and Dawson). Oklahoma is not the only state to equalize education for all children, regardless of their socioeconomic status. With the revenues from a state lottery, and the leadership of, then governor, Zell Miller, Georgia was the first state in the United States to offer a publically funded preschool program (Early Education for All, 2005). Similar to the findings in the study of Oklahoma’s program, Georgia’s program was also proven to be successful. A study found that more than eight percent of students who had attended the program ranked average or above upon evaluation third-grade readiness (Sacks and Brown Ruzzi, 2005). A universal preschool program is not just a theory waiting to be tested, it is already in effect in some areas, and is proving its value in this country’s educational achievement. If we do not put into place the appropriate interventions in the society, the educational achievement gap will only widen, costing more and more tax dollars, and most importantly, costing children the equal opportunity of prosperity in this country. This gap can be diminished significantly by providing each and every child in this country with the equal educational opportunity of a quality preschool program. Such a program provides this nation’s youngsters with the skills they need in order to meet the countries educational standards throughout the span of their education. It is unfortunate that in this land of opportunity and prosperity, that in order to grown and succeed; our children are subject to exclusion of such a beneficial educational tool, because of his or her parents’ inability to afford tuition costs. With our current economic status, our children, the future of this nation, must be provided every advantage possible in order to change this economy around. An investment should be made in our future today by providing a constitutional right to a quality and inclusive preschool program to all children. Works Cited Loucks, Sharon, Slaby, Robert, and Stelwagon, Patricia. â€Å"Why is preschool essential in closing the achievement gap?† Educational Leadership and Administration Fall 2005: 47+. Academic OneFile. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. Document URL: http://go.galegroup.com.ezp1r.riosalado.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA142874683&v=2.1&u=mccweb_riosalado&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Strategies for Children. â€Å"Early Childhood Education: A Strategy for closing the Acheivement Gap†. Spring 2005. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. Document URL: http://www.strategiesforchildren.org/eea/6research_summaries/07_AchievementGap.pdf Marcon, Rebecca A. â€Å"Moving up the Grades: Relationship between Preschool Model and Later School Success.† Early Childhood Research and Practice 4.1 (2002). 06 October 2012. Document URL: . Gormley, William T., Jr., Gayer, Ted, Phillips, Deborah and Dawson, Brittany. † The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development.† National Institute for Early Education Research. 06 October 2012. Document URL: http://www.crocus.georgetown.edu/reports/oklahoma9z.pdf Barnett, W. S. (2008). Preschool education and its lasting effects: Research and policy implications. Boulder and Tempe: Education and the Public Interest Center & Education Policy Research Unit. Retrieved 10/06/2012 from http://epicpolicy.org/publication/preschooleducation Sacks, Lynne and Brown Ruzzi, Betsy (2005). Early Childhood Education: Lessons from the States and Abroad: 2005. National Center on Education and the Economy. The New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce. Retrieved 1027/2012. Document URL: http://www.ncee.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Early-Childhood-Education.pdf Lacour, Misty and Tissington, Laura D. (2011). The effects of poverty on academic achievement.. Retrieved 11/03/2012. Document URL: http://www.academicjournals.org/err/pdf/pdf%202011/july/lacour%20and%20tissington.pdf The RAND Corporation. (n.d.). RAND Corporation: Obective Analysis. Effective Solutions. Retrieved November 03, 2012, from The RAND Corperation: http://www.rand.org/

The Fall of Jerusalem ( the battle of Hattin) 1187 Essay

The Fall of Jerusalem ( the battle of Hattin) 1187 - Essay Example Despite Saladins superiority and power in numbers, capturing of Jerusalem was not a foregone conclusion. This can be viewed when Saladin’s army was defeated by king Baldwin iv, despite the fact that Saladin had many distractions like Mosul (Frank 1). The capturing of Jerusalem was not something which was not there the armies had an extremely good plan. During the battle of Montgisard in the year 1177, Saladins army was frightened and was defeated by King Baldwin IV. On the sea of Galillee in 1187, Saladin’s army overwhelmed Tiberias. Raymond of Tripoli thought that, the Crusader army should be careful despite the fact that his wife was at Tiberias. The pressure that was there would force him to withdraw (Frank 1). Some people still forced the king of Lusignan to attack with no fear of anything because they were to give him support. On July, the army from Crusader arrived at Sephoria they knew everything they wanted was available there, and they will not face many difficulties. Sephoria had a strong position, and there was plenty of water. For another time, Raymond tried to keep away with disaster. The march was slowed down by constant attack from Saladins horse archers. After some time, the wells, which were the source of water dried. Later in the day, the Crusader army had reached Hattin, the army was fully armed and ready for total war. The Templars Constant attack from Saladins horse archers slowed the march. The Temlars begged for an end of the days march (Frank 1). When Guy agreed, Raymond was not happy because he knew exactly that the kingdom was lost. The army camped for years at Hattin this led to two low hills being named the Horns Of Hattin. They thought that they were going to find water, but all the wells were dry, the next day in the morning they were surrounded by enemies. In their desperation, they found the christian army (Frank 1). Due to lack of water this led to christians moving from their location to the road that

Organizational Behavior & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Organizational Behavior & Leadership - Essay Example Leader B and leader C are senior members of the organization with chances of succeeding Executive A. Executive A is a level five leader. The leadership style integrates features of transformational and transactional leadership styles and focuses on an organization’s long term objectives while shifting focus from the leader. The leader therefore motivates and empowers people to achievement of collective objectives and defines rules to guide people in their designated roles. Rewards or penalty may follow this and integration of features of transformational and transactional leadership may be situational of hybrid. Executive A’s driven and ambitious state identifies transformational features towards inspiration and motivation of followers while his high level focus indicates transactional trait of adherence to guidelines. The leader also shifts focus from him to the organization by attributing success to other leaders. His ability to accept responsibility for mistakes and his role in developing leaders further identifies transformational trait. The executive therefore ha s the traits of a level five leader (Phillips and Gully, 2011). Leader B identifies with transactional leadership style. One of the features of the style is a contingent reward system in which the leaders establishes standards for followers and uses the standard for appraisal and reward. Employees who meet the set standards receive reward while those who do not may either not be rewarded or may be penalized for failure. The leaders also believed in routine operation and does not emphasize on employees’ innovation and growth. From this perspective, performance is based on set instructions and not on an organization’s overall objectives. The leader therefore becomes active when employees deviate from expectations. In leader B’s approach to leadership, clarification of roles to be

Methodology Chapter in a dissertaion about Teaching English (TESOL) Research Paper

Methodology Chapter in a dissertaion about Teaching English (TESOL) for a British University - Research Paper Example Another method that has been used in a similar study in the past is Comparative Research. This is where a study is done through two or more situations that go hand in hand are compared either as they were in the past or as they are in the present so as to draw a conclusion regarding a given subject matter (Linder, 2004:14). In this respect, the use of ICT in education has been compared between different nations so as to come up with a suitable way of how to implement it in a given nation. This is effective in providing possible challenges and suitable modes of how to deal with them, but it fails in providing a custom made solution of dealing with specific challenges that are faced with the nation in question as no two nations are precisely the same. Another method that has been used in a similar study in the past is Descriptive research. In this method of research, data regarding the subject matter of the study is collected through observations. This method has been suitable in provi ding tailor-made solutions for the specific area of study as observation is a mode of collecting first-hand information about the study area with no contamination from any intermediate receptors of the data (Oblinger & Oblinger, 2005:8). The method has however failed to detect possible challenges that might occur which historical information is suitable in revealing. The use of Correlation Research is another method that has been used in a similar study in the past. In this method of research, the study collects information regarding the subject matter and tries to establish the presence of any correlation or relationship between two phenomena in the subject and predicts the manner in which each of the phenomenon would change with a certain change in the other phenomenon (Ryan, 2000:9). This method of research has been effective in providing information regarding the various variables in the subject matter and the way in which they relate to each other. It is however not suitable in detailing how variables can stand independently to solve certain challenges. Another method that has been used in a similar study in the past is Experimental Research. In this method of research various elements of the subject of debate are put in controlled conditions and monitored with certain pre-determined degrees of changes to establish the manner in which they react. This method has been effective in given information regarding small controlled groups of the population under investigation which are taken as a sample group of the entire study group (Blurton, 1999:7). It is however subjected to experimental errors which might lead to the drawing of wrong conclusions regarding the entire target population. Evaluation Research is yet another method that has been used in a similar study in the past. In this method of research, the study investigates the manner in which population groups in say a social setting make good of the situations in which they find themselves in and hence live in harmony. It this subject matter the method of research has been used to investigate the manner in which various societies have made of ICT in their education systems (Becta, 2008:14). It hence comes up with a clear picture of the level of effectiveness or lack of it in the use of ICT in education in a given setting. This method however is not effective in coming up with

Demings point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demings point - Essay Example Result orientation focuses on the output of the process. Result orientation focuses on the quality and quantity of the output. In the workplace, it includes having a setup list that is used to determine if the goals of the process have been achieved. For example, in factory, the management is supposed to make sure all the departments are taken care of. The departments, which include manufacturing, sales, processing, human resource and the finance department, should be well coordinated so that whole process smooth. A neglect of any one department can lead to the collapse of the whole system or the whole system being inefficient. A firm should have a good relationship with its customers, community and the employees themselves. A good relationship with the community is reached when the firm has a social responsibility programme that benefits the community. The programmes may include funding community projects,organizing trade fairs that educate them and giving the locals a priority during hiring of employees. A good working relationship enhances the firms image; hence boosting its

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt Essay

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt - Essay Example The diagram also illustrates the law of demand. Fewer dollars will be demanded when the price of a dollar increases according to the law of demand. The chapter also provides appropriate examples, the Microsoft Vista example is very appropriate to understand how the exchange rate works in different countries. Interest rates also play a pivotal role in determining the value of a dollar. Business expectations also play a crucial role in determining the exchange rate, since Mexican Peso has been taken up as an example it is very important to also consider interest rates in Mexico and business expectations in Mexico. Capital gain is another subject that the chapter highlights. The business expectations in the United States are juxtaposed with the business expectations in Mexico. The demand part is initially presented in the chapter and the second part of the chapter comprehensively explains the supply side of the Dollar and how it relates to the Mexican economy. National income in the Uni ted States also plays a key role in the supply of the Dollar. ... same concept can be applied to different currencies and its exchange rate can easily be found out and in addition to this the factors affecting the exchange rate can also be found out. Foreign exchange rates are comprehensively explained in the following parts of chapter 7. Gold standard, Bretton Woods and floating exchange rate are the three most important exchange rate structures that have been used to determine the exchange rate. The Bretton Woods system of exchange was introduced in the year 1944 and the system was established in the Bretton Woods conference in New Hampshire. There is rapid growth and development taking place all across the globe, to make sure that everything goes on well, a system which should stabilize the growth is a must. This paper will throw light upon the advantages of the Bretton Woods system and it will also provide a comprehensive understanding of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. The system has very old roots, after the devastating World Wa r one all the countries wanted financial security to make sure that economic growth in the country takes place. The great depression in the 1929 was a result of the failure in the introduction of gold standard. Each and every currency intentionally deflated its currency in order to get high margin of profit from the exports which would decrease the deficit from the country’s economy. The same had an adverse affect on all the countries, it triggered off international deflation, and this majorly impacted many countries, mass unemployment increased, big enterprises were going bankrupt, global economy witnessed hyper inflation. There were talks held among the representatives of various countries to form a system which would bring stability with regard to the financial and economic well being

Illusion of free will Essay Example for Free

Illusion of free will Essay In our society, free will is something that is ingrained in our set of beliefs that every citizen of the world should possess. We generally believe that we possess free will because of the choices we make on a day-to-day basis that is generally not forced upon by any direct outside force like in a totalitarian society out of a science-fiction story: the decision of whether or not to go to school in the morning, or finishing an essay at the last minute or allowing the grade to drop for an extra day are excellent examples of my view of free will. In Paul Halbach’s â€Å"The Illusion of Free Will†, he systematically attempts to debunk the debate between the combating theories of free will and hard determinism. He conveys his argument by stating that determinism and free will are incompatible with one another: one cannot exist if the other is true. If he can thoroughly prove that determinism is true, then free will would be deemed incapable with the human condition which we must accept. Holbach breaks down his strategy into two parts, the first of which he explains how the thought process and decision making of human beings are complex, yet mechanical, which boils down to the fight of competing desires. Lastly, he attacks different views on actions people would normally view as explanations of free will. Holbach believes that the human mind makes decisions based on the laws of nature governing the person’s environment; the upbringing, culture, surroundings and countless situations a person has experienced are what determines his or her way of thinking. The causal effects of everything around a man is always what governs every decision he makes, as Holbach states that â€Å"he always acts according to necessary laws from which he has no means of emancipating himself† (Holback 439). He uses the example of presenting a parched man being presented with a fountain and wants to drink from it. Upon realizing that the water in it has been poisoned, the man can still choose whether or not to drink from it. Not drinking the water upon realization of its impurity is a voluntary choice to resist the urge to quench his thirst, although it still stems from the same desire of self-preservation. Regardless of if he does or does not is not of importance because of the prevailing motive behind making either decision, proving that every action one takes is predetermined by an impulse involuntarily generated based on the man’s upbringing and experiences which creates his sense of morals, beliefs, and self-worth, none of which he has any power of influencing. If this is the case, then determinism is true, and free will is only an illusion.

RPS in Galaxy Clusters Analysis

RPS in Galaxy Clusters Analysis Jellyfish:  A  spectroscopic  study  of  ram-pressure  stripping  in  massive  galaxy  clusters* ABSTRACT We continue our exploration of ram-pressure stripping (RPS) in massive galaxy clusters at z>0.3 by assessing the spectroscopic properties of RPS candidates selected previously based on their morphological appearance in Hubble Space Telescope images. We confirm cluster membership for 55 of our candidates, thereby tripling the number of RPS candidates known at z>0.2. Although many of these systems are too faint and too distant for the kind of in-depth investigation required to unambiguously confirm or refute the presence of RPS, the ensemble properties of our sample are consistent with increased star formation, and many of the selected galaxies exhibit visible debris trails. Specifically, about two thirds of all galaxies exhibit line emission ([OII]ÃŽÂ »3727AËÅ ¡ , HÃŽÂ ², and, where observationally accessible, HÃŽÂ ±) consistent with ro- bust star-formation rates that significantly exceed those expected for systems on the galaxy main sequence. We find no significant depe ndence of either the presence of line emission or the inferred star-formation rate on the relaxation state of the host cluster. Although we caution that our sample may contain not only galaxies undergoing RPS by the diffuse intra-cluster medium (ICM), but also minor mergers located at the low-density cluster outskirts and merely projected onto the cluster cores, we expect our results to facilitate and inform realistic process models of the stripping process by providing the first statistically significant sample of RPS candidates in truly massive clusters. While extremely rapid removal of the intrastellar medium is not ruled out by our findings, extended periods of triggered star formation are clearly an integral component of the physics of ICM-galaxy interaction in massive clusters. INTRODUCTION Spiral and elliptical galaxies are both commonly observed in the universe but inhabit (and dominate) very different environments. The inverse correlation between spiral fraction and density of the environment has long been established based on both galaxy mor- phology and colour (Dressler 1980; Baldry et al. 2006) and is so pronounced as to suggest causation. Since the preponderance of red, elliptical galaxies is not limited to the densest environments (i.e., the cores of massive galaxy clusters) but is notable already in groups of galaxies (Blanton Moustakas 2009), several phys- ical mechanisms may be responsible for the observed segregation of galaxy types and appear to be have been at work for several Gyr, as evinced by the steady increase in the dominance of ellipticals in  clusters from zà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¼1.5 to the present day (Scoville et al. 2013). * Most of the data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Ob- servatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. The observatory was made possible by the generous finical support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. Although simulations have indicated that elliptical galaxies can form directly through spherical collapse of dark-matter halos in high-density environments (e.g. Navarro Benz 1991), it is widely accepted that transformations of galaxies from late to early types are central to the creation of the Hubble sequence. These occur in a range of environments and, most likely, over a range of character- istic timescales. While slow-acting gradual effects such as galaxy harassment (Moore et al. 1996, 1998) are bound to contribute, more violent interactions have been shown to be highly effective in turning disk galaxies into spheroids. In modestly dense environ- ments with commensurately modest relative galaxy velocities, i.e., in galaxy groups and at the outskirts of more massive galaxy clus- ters, galaxy mergers as predicted by Holmberg (1941) and explored in numerical simulations (e.g., Toomre Toomre 1972; Barnes Hernquist 1992, 1996; Mihos Hernquist 1996) can create a wide range of remn ants, including spheroidal galaxies (Toomre 1977; Hammer et al. 2009). By contrast, at the extreme opposite end of the density range where galaxies move too fast to have a signif- icant cross section for merging, ram-pressure stripping (RPS) by the diffuse intra-cluster medium (ICM) has been predicted (Gunn   Gott 1972), simulated (e.g., Farouki Shapiro 1980; Vollmer et   al. 2001; Roediger Hensler 2005; Domainko et al. 2006; Kron- berger et al. 2008; Bekki 2009; Tonnesen Bryan 2010), and ob- served across a wide range of wavelengths. Numerous studies have established that RPS is capable of rapidly displacing and removing gas from spirals falling into galaxy clusters (e.g., White et al. 1991; Rangarajan et al. 1995; Veilleux et al. 1999; Vollmer et al. 2008; Sun et al. 2010). We here present new results from an observational study de- signed to identify and characterise RPS events in massive clusters at intermediate redshift. Our project is motivated by the fact that, while RPS has been well studied in the local Universe (e.g., Sun et al. 2006; Sun, Donahue Voit 2007; Merluzzi et al. 2013; Fuma- galli et al. 2014; Poggianti et al. 2016), work at higher redshift has advanced more slowly, due to the obvious challenges in attaining commensurate signal and spatial resolution (but see Poggianti et al. 2004; Cortese et al. 2007; Moran et al. 2007; Owers et al. 2012). It is only at z>0.2, however, that the volume probed by any clus- ter survey becomes large enough to contain a significant number of truly massive clusters (systems more massive than Coma), i.e., clusters that allow us to study RPS over the full range of environ- ments, from the only mildly overdense cluster outskirts to extreme densities in the core regions that are never reached in local cluster s like Virgo. In this paper we examine the spectroscopic properties of galaxies tentatively identified as undergoing RPS in massive galaxy clusters at z>0.3. All clusters considered for this work were iden- tified by their X-ray emission and optically confirmed in the course of the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS; Ebeling et al. 2001, 2007, 2010; Mann Ebeling 2012). Potential stripping events were se- lected based on the morphology of galaxies in images of MACS cluster cores obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (see Repp Ebeling, in preparation, for an overview of this dataset). In Ebel- ing et al. (2014, hereafter E14) we presented a first sample of six textbook cases of RPS identified visually in these data and, ow- ing to their appearance, referred to as jellyfish (Fig. 1). Our sec- ond paper (McPartland et al. 2016, hereafter M16) defined a cus- tomized set of morphological selection criteria used to compile a larger sample of 223 potential RPS candidates and examined the spatial distribution and apparent projected direction of motion of the most plausible candidates. In this third paper, we present, dis- cuss, and interpret the results of extensive spectroscopic follow-up observations of the M16 sample. Our paper is organised as follows: After a brief introduction in  §1,  §2 describes the setup and execution of our spectroscopic  follow-up observations of RPS candidates, the data reduction, as well as our criteria to assess cluster membership for any given  galaxy. In  §3 we derive fundamental spectral properties of the con-firmed cluster members, infer star-formation rates, and estimate their stellar mass.  §4 compares the properties of RPS candidates  with those of the general population of star-forming galaxies, dis- cusses physical triggering mechanisms, and investigates correla- tions between the star-formation rate of RPS candidates and the relaxation state of the host cluster. We summarise our findings in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ §5. Throughout this paper we adopt the concordance ΆºCDM cos-mology, characterised by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m= 0.3, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ º = 0.7, and H0 = 70 km sà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Mpcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. Figure1.HST/ACS snapshot image of MACSJ0451-JFG1, a textbook case of ram-pressure stripping from the E14 sample. The red and yellow arrows mark the inferred direction of motion in the plane of the sky and the di- rection to the cluster centre, respectively. Note that the tell-tale jellyfish morphology of this z=0.43 galaxy is readily discernible only thanks to the superb resolution of HST/ACS. (Reproduced from E14) SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION The targets of our spectroscopic follow-up observations were drawn from the set of 223 galaxies tentatively identified by M16 as undergoing ram-pressure stripping. We refer to M16 for a detailed discussion of the morphological criteria applied to select these can- didates from a master catalogue of over 15,000 galaxies detected in short HST/ACS exposures in the F606W and F814W bands of 63 MACS clusters in the redshift range of 0.30.7. A comprehen- sive description of the HST observations used by M16 is provided by Repp Ebeling (in preparation). Since most of the RPS candidates from the list of 223 were targeted by us in spectroscopic observations of MACS clusters that supported several complementary research projects, compromises had to be made in the design of the observations. In order to max- imise scientific returns, clusters that feature large numbers of tar- gets for each of the different projects were given priority, resulting in a bias in favour of clusters with multiple RPS candidates. In ad- dition, the simultaneous focus on many targets made it impossible to optimise the orientation of individual slits or even the position angle of the entire mask for the study of RPS candidates. Keck/DEIMOS observations All spectroscopic data for this work were obtained with the Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS; Faber et al. 2003) on the Keck II 10m telescope on Maunakea. All multi-object spec- troscopy (MOS) masks used 1//-wide slits of at least 8//length, i.e., long enough to allow sky subtraction from in-slit data. Spectra were obtained using the 600 l/mm Zerodur grating set to a central wavelength of 6300AËÅ ¡ ; the GG455 blocking filter was employed to prevent second-order contamination at ÃŽÂ »>9000AËÅ ¡ . Exposure times  ranged from 3ÃÆ'-600 to 3ÃÆ'-1200 seconds. The seeing during these  observations was typically 0.8//. All data were reduced with the DEIMOS DEEP2 pipeline (Cooper et al. 2012; Newman et al. 2013), creating sky-subtracted and wavelength-calibrated one- and two-dimensional spectra. Redshifts were determined from the one- dimensional spectra using elements of the SpecPro software pack- age (Masters Capak 2011). Overall 110 RPS candidates were observed in 26 MACS clus-ters. Cluster membership We establish (likely) cluster membership by comparing the differ- ence between an RPS candidates redshift and the systemic redshift of the cluster with the cluster velocity dispersion. The latter is com- puted from all galaxy redshifts measured for the respective cluster in the course of the extensive spectroscopic follow-up work per- formed by the MACS team; a description of the underlying data and of the procedure employed to determine robust velocity dispersions for MACS clusters is provided by Repp Ebeling (in preparation). Although it is possible that some of the galaxies for which we rule out cluster membership are in fact still undergoing RPS within their local environment in the fore- or background of the respective MACS cluster, the majority of such non-cluster members are more likely to owe their disturbed optical morphology (and thus their selection in M16) to merger events or to gravitational lensing. In the following, we thus limit the term RPS candidates to galaxies classified as likely cluster members based on their radial velocity within the comoving cluster rest frame. Spectral corrections and flux calibration The reduced spectra created with the DEEP2 pipeline are wave- length-calibrated and thus allow redshift measurements that are ac- curate to within the limits set by the instrumental setup and the pre- cision of the dispersion solution. The determination of line fluxes and, in particular, line-flux ratios across a significant wavelength range, however, require flux-calibrated spectra. In addition, flux lost during the data-reduction process (due to CCD defects, non- optimal definition of spectral apertures, and, importantly, the finite slit width) needs to be recovered, if the measured line fluxes are to be interpreted as characteristics of the observed galaxy as a whole. Whereas corrections for missing flux are fairly straightforward to apply, flux calibration is notoriously difficult for multi-object spec- trographs (especially when the respective observations were not performed at the parallactic angle), owing to spatial variations in the instrument response across the field of vie w covered by the slit mask. Before flux calibration is performed, we visually inspect the two-dimensional spectra of all RPS candidates classified as likely cluster members. We manually mask out the spectral traces of non- target sources falling serendipitously into a slit, fill in bad detector columns, and re-extract the target spectra within an aperture that maximizes the object flux at all wavelengths. We then resort to external means to calibrate these spectra by tying the latter at two wavelengths to the photometry obtained for the respective galaxy with HST/ACS in the F606W and F814W passbands. To this end, we convolve the HST images in these two filters with a Gaussian whose full width at half maximum is matched to the average seeing during our DEIMOS observations and then integrate the flux within the DEIMOS slit (Fig. 2). The re- sulting linear calibration, illustrated in Fig. 3, achieves two goals: it Figure2.Example of the procedure applied to obtain accurate absolute photometry for the flux entering a slit on our MOS masks. Left: HST/ACS image of an RPS candidate in the F606W filter; overlaid are isophotal flux contours (green) and the slit as positioned during the DEIMOS observation. Right: As left, but convolved with a Gaussian kernel that mimics the seeing of the groundbased observation and rotated to align the slit with the image axes. 80 3000 250060 2000 40 1500 1000 20 500 00 40005000600070008000900010000 wavelength (A) Figure 3.DEIMOS spectrum of one of our RPS candidates before and af- ter flux calibration and slit size correction. The green and red lines show the throughput (in arbitrary units) of the ACS/F606W and F814W filters, respectively, used to anchor the flux calibration. (1) crudely corrects for wavelength-dependent variations in the to- tal throughput of our observational setup; and (2) extrapolates the spectrum actually observed through the slit to the spectrum of the entire galaxy. Note that the validity of the latter correction rests on the implicit assumption that the spectrum recorded within the slit is representative of that of the galaxy as a whole. Although this as- sumption is not necessarily well justified, it is widely applied and ensures consistency and comparability between line fluxes (and de- rived properties like star-formation rates) obtained in studies using different instrumental setups and observational strategies. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RPS CANDIDATES Stellar mass In order to establish the locus of our RPS candidates within the general population of star-forming galaxies, we need to ensure that comparisons are made only between galaxies of comparable stellar mass. While the stellar mass of galaxies in our sample cannot re- liably be determined from only the HST/ACS data in the F606W  and F814W used for their original selection by M16, or from the optical spectroscopy within the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¼5000 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢9000AËÅ ¡ range described in Section 2, photometry across a wider spectral range that extends into the near-infrared (NIR) regime is well suited to constrain the spectral-energy distribution (SED) of galaxies and thus their stel- lar masses. For a significant fraction (QUANTIFY) of our cluster fields, the required data are available thanks to imaging observa- tions of MACS clusters with the NIR channel of HSTs Wide-Field Camera 3 (WFC3) performed for the CLASH project (Postman et al. 2012) and the MACS SNAPshot programs GO-12188 and -12884 (PI: Ebeling) described in Repp Ebeling (in preparation). The resulting photometry in the XXX passbands (CLASH) for 15 of our RPS candidates, and in the F606W, F814W, F110W, and F140W filters (SNAPshot programs) for an additional 17 galaxies, is fit with synthetic spectral templates using LePhare (Arnouts et al. 1999; Ilbert et al. 2006), an SED modeling code developed pri- marily for the determination of photometric redshifts of galaxies in the COSMOS field. Emission-line fluxes and star-formation rates 3.2.1   Extinctioncorrection DISCUSSION BPT diagram RPS candidates and the galaxy main sequence Properties of the host clusters CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Elke Roediger for helpful discussions on the latest in nu- merical simulations of ram-pressure stripping and how to further constrain them via imaging and spectroscopic observations. Most of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Ob- servatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The observa- tory was made possible by the generous finical support of the W. 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